The law on hate speech and hate crime

In Irish law, hate speech is any communication that is made in public with the intention or likelihood of being threatening or abusive and likely to stir up hatred against people because of their:

• Race
• Colour
• Nationality
• Religion
• Ethnic or national origin
• Membership of the Traveller community
• Sexual orientation

The communication can be spoken, published or broadcast. Communication made in a private residence that cannot be seen or heard by people outside the residence is not included.

The Prohibition of Incitement to Hatred Act 1989 sets out the law on hate speech.

It says that it is an offence to communicate threatening, abusive or insulting material that is intended, or likely to, “stir up” hatred against a group of people because of their race, colour, nationality, religion, ethnic or national origins, membership of the Traveller community or sexual orientation.

The communication can be spoken, in writing, broadcast or part of a recording.

If the person did not intend to stir up hatred, they can defend a charge by proving that they did not know the content of the material and had no reason to suspect that the material was threatening, abusive or insulting.

Private residences

You cannot be convicted of inciting hatred for things you say in a private residence, unless the words, behaviour or material are heard or seen by someone outside the residence. You may not be guilty of an offence if you were in a private residence and had no reason to believe that your words, behaviour or material would be heard or seen by someone outside.

Who is responsible for broadcasts?

A broadcast is any transmission that is intended to be received by the general public.

If material that is intended to stir up hatred (or is likely to stir up hatred even if not intended) is broadcast, all of the following may have committed an offence:

• The broadcaster (for example, the TV channel)
• The people who produced or directed the broadcast
• The person who made the threatening or abusive statement

The broadcaster, producer or director of the broadcast may be able to avoid prosecution if the material was not intended to stir up hatred and:

• They did not know, and had no reason to suspect, that the offending material was in the broadcast or
• They could not have removed the offending material for practical reasons

The producer or director may also be able to avoid prosecution if they can show they did not know and had no reason to believe that that the item would be broadcast or that it would be likely to stir up hatred.

The person who made the statement may be able to defend their actions if they can show that they did not know and had no reason to suspect that the material would be broadcast, or that the broadcast would stir up hatred.

Any person charged in respect of a broadcast can also use a defence of not knowing or not having reason to suspect that the material was threatening, abusive or insulting.

Preparing or possessing offending material

It is also an offence to prepare or to have in your possession any offending written material, sound recording or visual images, that you (or someone else) intend to distribute, broadcast, display or publish either in Ireland or abroad.

Reporting hate speech on social media

Social media companies can remove hateful content. You can read how to report hate speech on:

• X (Twitter)
• Facebook
• TikTok
• Instagram
• LinkedIn

Coimisiún na Meán is the regulator of online safety in Ireland. Coimisiún na Meán has developed an Online Safety Code (pdf) which sets out how video-sharing platforms must, by law, protect adults and especially children from online harm. You have the right to make a complaint against online platforms if you see harmful or illegal content, need to report a violation of terms, or have concerns about targeted ads.

Find out more about online safety.

The new Criminal Justice (Hate Offences) Act 2024 commenced on 31 December 2024 and provides for increased focus on hatred in sentencing.

What is a hate crime?

The Act sets out a number of new offences. These are more serious versions of existing offences where the person committing the crime is motivated by hatred or demonstrates hatred because of a person’s:

• Race
• Colour
• Nationality
• Religion
• National or ethnic origin
• Descent
• Gender
• Sex characteristics
• Sexual orientation
• Disability

These are known as hate crimes and have bigger penalties than the same crimes that are not motivated by hatred.

Crimes which are hate crimes when hatred is proven include:

• Damaging property
• Threatening, abusive or insulting behaviour in a public place
• Assault
• Assault causing harm or serious harm
• Harassment

For other crimes, you get a more severe punishment if hatred is proven to be a motivating factor.

If hatred is not proven, a person can still be convicted of the criminal act itself, such as assault, being abusive in a public place or damaging property.

In an emergency, you must call 999 or 112.

If it is not an emergency, you can report hate speech or hate crime in any of the following ways:

• At your local Garda station
• By contacting the Garda confidential phone line on 1800 666 111
• Report a hate crime on the Garda website
• Report racist or xenophobic online content on Hotline.ie

If you do not want to go to your local Garda station, you can contact the Garda National Diversity Unit, who will liaise with your local Garda station and help you during the investigation.

You can find out more about reporting a crime.

You can contact the staff at the Garda National Diversity Unit for further information on reporting a hate crime.